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Factual Causation:
Multiple Defendants
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Causation
Two parts:
Two different tests for factual causation
Causation
Two parts:
- Factual cause
- Proximate cause
Two different tests for factual causation
- “But for”
- Substantial factor
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Stubbs v. City of Rochester
Zuchowicz v. United States
[fit] What about multiple possible causes?
Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway Co.
“Multiple Fires Whodunnit”
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Necessary condition: Result happens ONLY IF condition exists. Put another way: IF NOT condition, then NO result.
Sufficient condition: IF condition exists, then result happens.
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Summers v. Tice
“Hunting Party Whodunnit”
Summers v. Tice
Three reasons for alternative liability:
- Almost 51% probability
- Fairness
- “Smoke out” the real evidence
Summers v. Tice
Three reasons for alternative liability:
Almost 51% probability- Fairness
“Smoke out” the real evidence
Garcia v. Joseph Vince Co.
“Fencing Sabre Whodunnit”
